Bible Notes Online - Genesis 44 - ESV
Commentary

v1-5: Joseph's scheme to have the brothers brought back. The steward was part of this plan. It seems Joseph's intention was to bring Benjamin back to be his slave (v17).

v6-9: The brothers had behaved properly. They had sought to return the extra money received during their previous journey to Egypt. They would not have taken more. Their indignation seems genuine.

v10: The steward was merciful. The brother's offer was that the one guilty one be put to death, and the others become Joseph's slaves; the steward just asked for the guilty one to become his slave.

v12-13: The discovery was a shock to all eleven.

v15: Joseph's rebuke. Their 'theft' could not be hidden.

v16: Judah, now leading (v14), admits their guilt. He can only throw himself and his brothers on Joseph's mercy. The picture here is of Israel's repentance before Christ.

v17: Joseph wanted Benjamin. But the ten brothers knew that Jacob would die if Benjamin did not return. There were extremely strong feelings on both sides.

v18: Judah begins his plea for mercy. He does not argue innocence.

v20: Judah speaks of how precious Benjamin is to Jacob. Also v27-29.

v23: It was hard to convince Jacob to let Benjamin come, and now Joseph wanted to keep him.

v30-31: Judah was convinced that Jacob would die if Benjamin was not returned.

v33-34: Judah's final offer; that he be kept in place of Benjamin.