v1-2: The second plague; frogs throughout the land of Egypt.

v3-4: The swarms of frogs would be everywhere, allowing not escape throughout the land. Neither rich nor poor could escape. They were in their ovens, in the daytime, and in their beds, at night.

v5-6: Aaron stretched out his hand over the waters of Egypt, bringing up the frogs. The waters of Egypt, specifically the river Nile, was essential to its well-being. It is therefore significant that this became the (apparent) source of their suffering.

v7: Again, the Egyptian magicians were able to bring forth swarms of frogs. They used "secret arts", or enchantments. Such is the practise of magicians, using covert methods to achieve their ends. This implies an initiation into these "secret arts". This is true of occultic practises, referred to elsewhere in the Old Testament. The Egyptians maintained their false religion, see 1 Kings 4.30.

v8: Pharaoh's deceitful request. Although his requested was granted, he would not let the children of Israel go.

v9: Moses asked Pharaoh to state the date on which the plague of frogs would be removed., so that even their removal would be a work of God.

v10: The testimony of God's power. The removal of the frogs was no less a miracle than the original plague.

v11: The frogs would remain in their proper place.

v12-13: The Lord honoured Moses' prayer, and removed the plague.

v14: The need to sweep up great piles of dead frogs would also have indicated the scale of the plague.

v15: Relief from the plague gave Pharaoh reason to harden his heart further. It is not always the case the relief from trials actually promotes faith.

v16: The third plague, of gnats.

v17: Again, it is Aaron stretching out his hand, and again the plague is widespread, with the dust turning into gnats.

v18: The Egyptian magicians could not copy this miracle.

v19: Their conclusion was that this was indeed, "the finger of God". Pharaoh's heart was too hard, so he would not listen to his own magicians, being blinded by the god of this world. Miracles are designed to demonstrate the power of God, and to give authority to His word, and his servants. See Luke 16.31.

v20: Another meeting with Pharaoh, to introduce the fourth plague, of flies. The request, that the people might be delivered to serve God.

v21: The threat, that if Pharaoh did not let the people go, the plague of flies would fall.

v22-23: The "finger of God" is revealed in another way, that the children of Israel did not suffer the plague of flies or any later plague. The people of God are thus set apart. See also 9.6,26; 10.23; it is implied that the children of Israel did not suffer any of the plagues from the fourth onwards.

v24: The plague was severe, the land of Egypt was ruined by dense swarms of flies.

v25: Pharaoh's offer, that the children of Israel sacrifice in the land of Egypt.

v26-27: Moses rejected the offer. The people must leave the land, to serve the Lord in the desert, as this was commanded by the Lord.

v28: Pharaoh then offered a concession, that they not go very far! Then he asks Moses to pray for him!

v29: Moses acted in integrity, unlike Pharaoh. He prayed that the flies would be removed.

v30: Moses prayed, as he promised.

v31: The flies left Egypt. Not one fly remained. Another miracle of cleansing and relief.

v32: Again, Pharaoh hardened his heart, and refused to let the people go.